Deception Point Page 45 Free Essays

Sexton would lie. Was this really her first impulse with respect to her applicant? Truly. He would lie†¦ splendidly. We will compose a custom article test on Trickiness Point Page 45 or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now On the off chance that these photographs hit the media without Gabrielle’s having conceded the illicit relationship, the congressperson would essentially guarantee the photographs were a barbarous fabrication. This was the period of advanced photograph altering; any individual who had ever experienced line had seen the perfectly corrected parody photos of celebrities’ heads carefully merged onto different people’s bodies, regularly those of pornography stars occupied with lecherous acts. Gabrielle had just seen the senator’s capacity to investigate a TV camera and untruth convincingly about their undertaking; she had no uncertainty he could convince the world these photographs were a weak endeavor to crash his vocation. Sexton would lash out with angry shock, maybe even suggest that the President himself had requested the phony. No big surprise the White House hasn’t opened up to the world. The photographs, Gabrielle acknowledged, could reverse discharge simply like the underlying menial worker. As clear as the photos appeared, they were absolutely uncertain. Gabrielle felt an unexpected flood of expectation. The White House can’t demonstrate any of this is genuine! Tench’s powerplay on Gabrielle had been merciless in its effortlessness: Admit your issue or watch Sexton go to prison. Out of nowhere it appeared well and good. The White House required Gabrielle to concede the issue, or the photographs were useless. An unexpected glint of certainty lit up her state of mind. As the train sat sitting and the entryways slid open, another far off entryway appeared to open in Gabrielle’s mind, uncovering a sudden and delighting probability. Perhaps everything Tench educated me regarding the pay off was an untruth. All things considered, what had Gabrielle truly observed? Once more, nothing indisputable some Xeroxed bank reports, a grainy photograph of Sexton in a carport. Every last bit of it conceivably fake. Tench cleverly could have indicated Gabrielle counterfeit money related records in a similar sitting as the veritable sex photographs, trusting Gabrielle would acknowledge the whole bundle as obvious. It was called â€Å"authentication by association,† and government officials utilized it all an opportunity to sell questionable ideas. Sexton is guiltless, Gabrielle let herself know. The White House was urgent, and they had chosen to face a wild challenge on terrifying Gabrielle into opening up to the world about the undertaking. They required Gabrielle to abandon Sexton freely shockingly. Get out while you can, Tench had advised her. You have until eight o’clock this evening. A definitive weight deals work. Every last bit of it fits, she thought. But one thing†¦ The main confounding bit of the riddle was that Tench had been sending Gabrielle hostile to NASA messages. This absolutely recommended NASA truly wanted Sexton to set his enemy of NASA position so they could utilize it against him. Or on the other hand did it? Gabrielle understood that even the messages had a completely legitimate clarification. Consider the possibility that the messages were not so much from Tench. It was conceivable Tench gotten a trickster on staff sending Gabrielle information, terminated that individual, and afterward stepped in and messaged the last message herself, assembling Gabrielle in for a conference. Tench could have imagined she released all the NASA information intentionally to set Gabrielle up. The tram water power murmured now in L’Enfant Plaza, the entryways getting ready to close. Gabrielle gazed out at the stage, her brain hustling. She had no clue if her doubts were seeming well and good or in the event that they were simply unrealistic reasoning, yet whatever the damnation was going on, she realized she needed to converse with the representative immediately P.E. night or not. Gripping the envelope of photos, Gabrielle rushed off the train similarly as the entryways murmured shut. She had another goal. Westbrooke Place Apartments. 51 Battle or flight. As a researcher, Tolland realized that immense physiological changes happened when a living being detected peril. Adrenaline overflowed the cerebral cortex, shocking the pulse and telling the cerebrum to make the most seasoned and generally instinctive of every single natural choice whether to do fight or escape. Tolland’s sense instructed him to escape, but then explanation reminded him he was as yet fastened to Norah Mangor. There was no place to escape in any case. The main spread for a significant distance was the habisphere, and the aggressors, whoever the damnation they were, had situated themselves high on the icy mass and remove that alternative. Behind him, the all the way open sheet of ice fanned out into a two-mile-long plain that ended in a sheer drop to a bone chilling ocean. Trip toward that path implied passing by presentation. The down to earth boundaries to escaping regardless, Tolland realized he couldn't in any way, shape or form leave the others. Norah and Corky were still out in the open, fastened to Rachel and Tolland. Tolland remained down close to Rachel as the ice pellets kept on hammering into the side of the toppled gear sled. He looted the flung substance, scanning for a weapon, a flare firearm, a radio†¦ anything. â€Å"Run!† Rachel shouted, her breathing despite everything stressed. At that point, strangely, the hailstorm of ice slugs unexpectedly halted. Indeed, even in the beating wind, the night felt out of nowhere calm†¦ as though a tempest had eased up out of the blue. It was at that point, peering circumspectly around the sled, that Tolland saw one of the most chilling sights he had ever observed. Skimming easily out of the obscured edge into the light, three spooky figures rose, drifting quietly in on skis. The figures wore full white climate suits. They conveyed no ski shafts yet rather huge rifles that resembled no weapons Tolland had ever observed. Their skis were strange also, modern and short, more like extended Rollerblades than skis. Smoothly, as though realizing they had just won this fight, the figures drifted to a stop next to their nearest casualty the oblivious Norah Mangor. Tolland rose shakily to his knees and looked over the sled at the aggressors. The guests gazed back at him through creepy electronic goggles. They were clearly uninterested. At any rate for the occasion. Delta-One felt no regret as he gazed down at the lady lying oblivious on the ice before him. He had been prepared to do orders, not to address thought processes. The lady was wearing a thick, dark, warm suit and had a welt in favor of her face. Her breathing was short and toiled. One of the IM ice rifles had discovered its imprint and thumped her oblivious. Presently the time had come to complete the activity. As Delta-One stooped down close to the careless lady, his colleagues prepared their rifles on different targets-one on the little, oblivious man lying on the ice close by, and one on the toppled sled where the two different casualties were covering up. Despite the fact that his men effectively could have moved in to complete the activity, the staying three casualties were unarmed and had no place to run. Racing to polish them all off without a moment's delay was reckless. Never scatter your center except if completely essential. Face each foe in turn. Precisely as they had been prepared, the Delta Force would kill these individuals each in turn. The enchantment, be that as it may, was that they would leave no follow to recommend how they had passed on. Hunched next to the oblivious lady, Delta-One evacuated his warm gloves and gathered up a bunch of day off. Pressing the day off, opened the woman’s mouth and started stuffing it down her throat. He filled her whole mouth, smashing the snow as profound as possible down her windpipe. She would be dead inside three minutes. This strategy, imagined by the Russian mafia, was known as the byelaya smert-white passing. This casualty would suffocate some time before the snow in her throat liquefied. When dead, be that as it may, her body would remain warm long enough to break down the blockage. Regardless of whether treachery were suspected, no homicide weapon or proof of viciousness would be evident right away. In the long run somebody may make sense of it, however it would get them time. The ice slugs would blur into the earth, covered in the day off, the welt on this woman’s head would look like she’d taken a frightful spill on the ice to be expected in these powerful breezes. The other three individuals would be debilitated and executed similarly. At that point Delta-One would stack every one of them on the sled, drag them a few hundred yards off base, reattached their belay lines and organize the bodies. Hours from now, them four would be discovered solidified in the day off, survivors of overexposure and hypothermia. The individuals who found them would be astounded what they were doing off kilter, however no one would be amazed that they were dead. All things considered, their flares had worn out, the climate was unsafe, and getting lost on the Milne Ice Shelf could acquire demise a rush. Step by step instructions to refer to Deception Point Page 45, Essay models

How you define the term ‘profit’ in terms of the changes that Hussain adopted to move one business to another Essay

Question 8: How you characterize the term ‘profit’ regarding the progressions that Hussain received to move one business to another? The term ‘profit’ that Hussain earned when he changed starting with one then onto the next business is the aftereffect of progress as he ready to take risks and dangers. He began from zero and his inventive business minds be the stepping stool of sucess to him. A ton of challenge that he had confronted make he turned into an extraordinary business visionary nowaday. He had battled especially to extend his business in other word to change and conquer his hopeless conditions. We can see the ‘profit’ that Hussain picked up from his independent venture as chocolate’s vendor to turned into an entreprenuer is begun with his first trivial advance. He began the business with selling chocolate at the market for the start of his business is on the grounds that he need assistance his family. As the bread worker supplanted his sickness father, he should look through pay to help fundamental needs of the family. He is fortunate in light of the fact that in spite of the fact that oman’s economy develop at thelower level those day, his independent company despite everything becoming quicker. In any case, because of the rising value list, he experienced issues to make a decent living. This trouble had carry him to another business which gave him more benefit than the benefit of chocolate deal. He found another roads in business by began selling book. At the point when he made a near examination between the two item, chocolate and book, he understood that the rate benefit he picked up by selling a book is exceptionally high than selling a chocolate. He utilize this great chance to change his business from a chocolate vendor to turn into a book shop. Along these lines, he increased more benefit. From this changes, we can see the ‘profit’ that he had picked up by changing the item. At that point, Hussain not longer selling chocolate. He centered to the book deal. He had discovered another method of a gainful business by selling book. Be that as it may, he confronted trouble to carry many book ordinary and come back with them the following day. This circumstance drives him to locate the alternaltive to tackle this issue. At long last, he got a splendid thought. He settle on a choice to change over his late father’s steel workshop where are had leased to turn into a bookshop. He attempt to persuade his uncle that thought and in light of the fact that his refined perspective on diversely made his uncle pleased and concur with him. Thus, husin figured out how to open his own bookshop and it turned into the main bookshop in the town. he was the sole book retailer at his town and this circumstance had carry him to turned into a sucess book retailer at the town. In this way, we can see the improvement that he had done by change the wayâ of his business from a book peddler to turned into a proprietor of bookshop. Hussain’s educator had make he thought another good thought. It began when his educator gave him a strategic get a few presents at the market. hussain brought the necessary endowments as his instructor request however with a less expensive cost. Another educator caught wind of that and requested that he do similar ones. This condition made he feel that he should selling a similar item as the educator need. This thought carry him to give items that were utilized as blessings, for example, pens, pencils, note pads and different school’s needs. Since that, he became well known at his school as well as in different schools. He ready to investigate greater open door in businees by persuaded the school to purchase from his bookshop. Along these lines, from this we can see that he was accomplishment in changing over the bookshop idea to turned out to be all the more wide idea. Hussain again change his business. He sold his bookshop with significant expense then he opened another organization. He set up another organization for office supplies not far away from the bookshop. This is a decent strategies for him as a choice to lessen the expense immediately increment the benefit and salary. Since the purchaser of bookshop can not experience the business challenge, he fizzled and shut the bookshop forever. Hussain shut the new office and revived the bookshop. He moved the workplace that he had shut in the bookshop for serving discount. In any case, the bookshop despite everything served singular clients. In this way, client can purchase from the bookshop and simultaneously, the discount purchasers can see the item and test them before setting request. He can decrease the expense encourage his work. At long last, hussain prevailing to change over his bookshop into a major organization for office supplies. With the new innovation just entered the nation made his work increasingly simpler. He began give new office gear suah as printers, copies and other related gadgets to the clients. At that point, he turned into a significant provider of different writing material and office suplies. His organization was created with extremely progressed and he turned into a symbol for initiative and entrepeneurial fields. We can see the high benefit that hussain picked up when he convert his bookshop into a major organization. For the end, from this case, Hussain who is the Sultanate of Oman have demonstrated that hardship make individuals more grounded. He demonstrated that individuals can earned more benefit in the event that they are astute in accepting open door and eagerness to face challenges in business.

2016s Presidential Candidates By the Books

2016s Presidential Candidates By the Books There are currently 20 people who hope to be president, and almost all of them have had books published. If youre looking to dig into the mind of any of the candidates, may I suggest a book? To be clear, Im just rounding up books that list the hopefuls as authors, and not books written about them. Also, this list comprises individuals who, at the time of writing, are still considered to be in the running, and ignores those who have dropped out or are speculating. Jeb Bush (R) has written (or co-written) three books. They are Profiles in Character, Reply All, and Immigration Wars. That last one was published last year, and Reply All is actually up for pre-order for release later this month (at the time of writing). Ben Carson (R) has written many books, and some of them have to do with his previous profession as a neurosurgeon. Im listing the ones that seem to do more with politics to narrow the list down. That leaves A More Perfect Union, One Nation: What We Can All Do to Save Americas Future, and What I Believe (an essay/column collection). Lincoln Chafee (D) has written just one book, which was published in 2010 called Against the Tide: How a Compliant Congress Empowered a Reckless President (ebook). Chris Christie (R) has not written any books. Hillary Clinton (D) has written three books, her most recent being Hard Choices, released earlier this year. The other two are It Takes a Village and Living History. Ted Cruz (R) has written one book, released this year titled A Time for Truth. Carly Fiorina (R) has written one book that relates to her current position as a politician, released earlier this year, titled Rising to the Challenge. Jim Gilmore (R) has not written any books. Lindsey Graham (R) has not written any books. Mike Huckabee (R) has written many books, his most recent being God, Guns, Grits, and Gravy which was released earlier this year. Other books to consider are Do the Right Thing, A Simple Government, and From Hope to Higher Ground. Bobby Jindal (R) collaborated with a few people to write Leadership and Crisis a few years ago, and you can pre-order his upcoming book (release October 20) American Will. John Kasich (R) has written two political books, the latest of which, titled Stand for Something, was published in 2006. The other is titled Courage is Contagious. Lawrence Lessig (D) also has a book coming out October 20th titled Republic Lost. Martin OMalley (D) has not written any books. George Pataki (R) wrote an autobiography back in 1998, but since then, nothing. Rand Pauls (R) latest book, released earlier this year, is called Taking a Stand. Hes also written Government Bullies and The Tea Party Goes to Washington. Marco Rubio (R) just released a book called American Dreams and previously wrote a memoir titled An American Son. Bernie Sanders (D) released an autobiography earlier this year called Outsider in the White House. You can also read The Speech. Rick Santorum (R) released a book in 2014 called Blue Collar Conservatives. Hes also written American Patriots: Answering the Call to Freedom. Donald Trump (R) released a book earlier this year called Time to Get Tough, and has another on the way for November called Crippled America. Of course, hes also released many books about his personal and business life.

My Personal Philosophy Of Education - 873 Words

What is a meaningful education? Throughout time many philosopher and educators have pondered on this question, leading to the development of theories and concepts that are present in the classroom today. In my personal experience, an educator philosophy is built over a course of time which is based on their knowledge and experience. An educator belief system is like a river, it changes and matures throughout its course, bending and changing as it progresses. Throughout the course of my educational career many thoughts, philosophy, and experience have develop my personal philosophy of education. The purpose of education is to provide a child with an engaging, supported atmosphere where a child is ability to express themselves freely in order to develop their cognitive, social, emotional, spiritual, and physical abilities. Worldview and Philosophy of Life Everyone on the Earth has a distinct purpose. In Romans 8.28, it states â€Å"And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are called according to His purpose (Bible Gateway, 2015).† God has a plan and meaning for us to strength and grow under care of His love. It is our purpose to follow Him and glorify Him in all we do. Teachers are essential spiritual role models for children. Teachers must model and teach Christian themes in their classroom, to guide children to develop strong faith in the Lord. To develop a child’s morals, a teacher can introduce themes and expectation into theShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1046 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulate the information for their own use in the future. Choosing between the four, I would say my philosophical views line up more as an essentialist. My philosophy of education, is that every teacher and student has an en vironment where they are challenged, yet still encouraged, in their instructional matter and teaching and learning strategies to prepare them to meet the goals set upon them. A philosophy is a search for wisdom in a particular area; it builds a framework of thinking, and guides instructionalRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education997 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education Discovering the place where personal values and expertise meet organizational values and needs offers a dynamic partnership opportunity. Mutual achievement of organizational academic quality and professional fulfillment provides a positive learning environment. Developing a personal philosophy of education enables an educator to understand and communicate the underlying basis for his or her approach to education. Sharing this philosophy provides valuable information forRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 Pages871 Foundations of Higher Education Summer 2015 Instructor: Joel Abaya, PhD Personal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents were highly educatedRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Education958 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education It is customary that on New Year’s Eve, we make New Year resolution. The fact is that we are making a set of guideline that we want to live by. These are motives that we seek to achieve. In a similar way, teachers live by philosophy. This essay focuses on my personal philosophy of education. It unfolds the function of philosophy in a teacher’s life, my view on the purpose of education, the student teacher- relationship and the philosophy which influences myRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1844 Words   |  8 PagesMy philosophy of education is romanticism. According to Ryan, Cooper, and Bolick, romanticism can be defined as â€Å"a child-centered philosophy of education that condemns the influences of society and suggests that a child’s natural curiosity and the natural world should be used to teach.† I am a believer in â€Å"gaining knowledge through sensory experiences and interactions with your peers† (Ryan, Cooper, a nd Bolick, 2016). I agree with this philosophy because it says that the needs of the student areRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1443 Words   |  6 PagesThese beliefs of education are known as the philosophy of education. The philosophy of education is defined as the influences of what is taught and how the students will be taught. Throughout my study in my education class and past experiences, my mind was expanded and I acquired sufficient knowledge to develop my own concept of my personal philosophy of education. First, I will clarify the reasons why I choose the profession of being an educator. The first reason has been my parents influenceRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education966 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Philosophy of Education Allyson C. Taylor EDUC 542 Dr. M. Derrick Regent University The definition of curriculum can be as mysterious as the curriculum itself. Oliva (2013) described the hunt for the curriculum as being similar to â€Å"efforts to track down Bigfoot, the Bear Lake Monster, [and] the Florida Everglades Skunk Ape †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 2). All of these elusive beings have left tracks, yet there isn’t a single photograph to prove their existence—just likeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1335 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching style in the â€Å"Finding Your Philosophy of Education Quiz.† While I enjoyed learning about the different philosophies and psychological influences of teaching, I prefer constructivism, social reconstruction, and progressivism due to their student-centered learning, hands-on or project based learning style, while making efforts to improve the world around them. I will be discussing why I chose progressivism, social reconstruction, and constructivism as my preferences, as well as the role ofRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1152 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction My personal philosophy of education relies on the fundamental belief that every individual has inherent value, therefore designating education as an environment where students may grow in their self-worth through academic and relational support. Thus, the purpose of education is to provide individuals with the opportunity to learn about both content and about self, growing in their identity. Within this personal philosophy of education, I will further detail the aim of education, the roleRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1244 Words   |  5 Pages before diving into a classroom, a teacher can have time to develop and broaden their philosophy of teaching—be prepared before they take that fatal plunge. So, in order to be best prepared for my future endeavors as an educator, I believe it is in my best interest to lay out a personal philosophy of education—a lay out that will aid me in times of need and a way to gauge change, progress, and growth through my Simps on College career. In doing so I will be prepared to be the best educator as I will

British Petroleum and The Delay of Maintenance Case Analysis

Assignment 3 – British Petroleum and the Delay of Maintenance By Avaninder Gill Review the Main Features of the Case British Petroleum, now known as simply BP, is a multinational oil and gas company that is headquartered in London, England. On March 23, 2005, a series of massive explosions devastated one of the largest British Petroleum refineries located in Texas City. The blast rattled windows in downtown Galveston, 20 miles away and was even felt in Houston, 35 miles distant. Reports indicated that 15 people had been killed and well over 150 were injured, many of those seriously burned. A BP spokesperson addressed the media by explaining how the explosion had occurred while an â€Å"isomerization†¦show more content†¦BP definitely possesses close proximity to the case, with their facility and management all situated at the explosion. All of these characteristics prove BP as a definitive stakeholder that can be harmed through the bad publicity; countless lawsuits, fines and investigations; damage to multi-billion dollar refinery; and loss of profits . The only possible benefit for BP in this pool of harms is that this explosion gives them an opportunity to rebuild the refinery with new, safer technology that abides standard operating procedures. BP claims that the massive explosion is a result of highly complicated chemical processes and even places blame on its employees for â€Å"operational mistakes†. The government agency OSHA thinks otherwise, and imposes their legal right to a probationary period on BP and its operations. BP thinks they are in no wrong, but they are denied the right to appeal for a shorter probationary period as the delay of proper maintenance is confirmed as the cause of the destruction (â€Å"csb.gov†). Moving on, another primary social stakeholder affected by the explosion of the Texas City BP refinery, is the employees and managers of the facility itself. Many employees working in the facility have lost their lives and suffered life-threatening injuries. For this reason, their interest in the situation is very high as their health and well-being is placed in jeopardy. In addition,Show MoreRelatedBp Case Study5851 Words   |  24 PagesIntroduction This is a research analysis report on BP Connect Convenience Stores’ Supply Chain Management Process using appropriate analysis models, and identification of key issues operations management issues within the organisation. This report has identified strategic fit between the organisation’s current portfolio processes and systems. 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Nigeria is blessed with vast quantity of oil making it the 6th largest oil exporter in the organization of petroleum exporting country. Oil is a major source of energy in Nigeria and the world in general. Oil being the mainstay of the Nigerian economy plays a vital role in shaping the economic and political destiny of the country. Although Nigeria’s oil industryRead MoreThe Gulf Coast Oil Spill Extending the Theory of Image Restoration6493 Words   |  26 PagesPublic Relations Review 37 (2011) 226–232 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Public Relations Review The Gulf Coast oil spill: Extending the theory of image restoration discourse to the realm of social media and beyond petroleum Sidharth Muralidharan âˆâ€" , Kristie Dillistone, Jae-Hwa Shin The University of Southern Mississippi, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t The explosion of Transocean’s Deepwater Horizon, an oil-rig licensed to BP, set in motion a chainRead MoreResearch Paper on Pakistan Railways8733 Words   |  35 Pageseconomy. (M.REHAN SHAIKH, DATED 21 JULY 2012). The main reasons behind the failure of Pakistan Railways are * Lack of resources and fuel * Shortage of locomotives * Political interference * Corruption * Poor maintenance of tracks and bridges * Extra delays in timings * Mismanagement and mal-administration by railway personnel. These above views were mentioned by General Manager Operations Pakistan Railways Junaid Qureshi while speaking at the Lahore Chamber of Commerce andRead MoreWhat Are the Impacts of Rfid in Oil and Gas Supply Chain Management?21195 Words   |  85 Pagesalso able to pull out case studies in oil and gas companies to analyze the impact of RFID in oil and gas supply chain management. In the final analysis, secondary research has provided information needed to answer the research question. The research looks at information on oil and gas supply chain management and the problems in the system. Also the technologies used in supply chain management, it has introduced and discussed RFID over other technologies in SCM. Also case studies were analyzedRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pages....................................................2   Key  Analysis.........................................................................................................................................................................3   Final  Recommendation .......................................................................................................................................................4   2.   EXTERNAL  ANALYSIS...........................................................Read Moreâ€Å"Ratio Analysis and Comparative Study of Financials of Iocl with Its Competitors†13708 Words   |  55 PagesSummer Training Project Report On â€Å"Ratio Analysis and Comparative Study of Financials of IOCL with its Competitors† Submitted for partial fulfilment of the Award Of Master of Business Administration DEGREE (2011-2013) SUBMITTED BY ARUSHIBHUTANI 1103270034 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Internal Guide:JayaPandey School of Management ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD AFFILIATED TO MAHAMAYA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, NOIDA Candidate’s Declaration/Certificate I â€Å"ARUSHI BHUTANI† herebyRead MoreEffect of Risk Management in Oil and Gas Industry10589 Words   |  43 Pagesconcept, enterprise risk management, and product and service quality. These risk components typically characterize the exploration, production, refining, and marketing of oil and gas and petrochemical products in the supply chain. A hypothetical analysis of the effects of risk management has been formulated and analyzed on a probabilistic model to reinforce the qualitative research was conducted to crystallize the effect of risk management on product and service quality, culminating in the discussionRead MoreStabilisation in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries: Tools for Oil Gas Investors34943 Words   |  140 PagesAssociation of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN) Stabilisation in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries: Tools for Oil Gas Investors Peter D Cameron ACIArb PhD (University of Edinburgh), LLB (Joint Honours) (University of Edinburgh) Professor of International Energy Law and Policy CEPMLP, University of Dundee, UK p.d.cameron@dundee.ac.uk FINAL REPORT 5 July 2006  © Copyright Peter D Cameron PDCameron/AIPN/Final Report. 5 July 2006 Table

American Economy Free Essays

In a broad sense, the macroeconomic policies developed and implemented by the Federal Reserve (the Fed) are those which regulate the national supply of money. Either through foreign exchange operations, or management of public funds, the Fed seeks to maintain the level of money supply in ways that would sustain stable inflation rates. It should be noted that while Fed’s macroeconomic policies tend to impact aggregate demand and GDP these are primarily short-term effects, with the rate of inflation being the main long-term target of any monetary policy. We will write a custom essay sample on American Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, in conditions of the growing financial crisis, it is more than important to reconsider and reevaluate the effects of the major Fed’s macroeconomic policies on the major sectors of the U. S. economy. Given the instability of the current financial and housing markets, this analysis is expected to become the source of useful policy recommendations in short and long run. American Economy Introduction In a broad sense, macroeconomic policies developed and implemented by the Federal Reserve (the Fed) are those which regulate the national supply of money. Either through foreign exchange operations, or management of public funds, the Fed seeks to maintain the level of money supply in ways that would sustain stable inflation rates. It should be noted that while Fed’s macroeconomic policies tend to impact aggregate demand and GDP these are primarily short-term effects, with the rate of inflation being the main long-term target of any monetary policy. Now, in conditions of the growing financial crisis, it is more than important to reconsider and reevaluate the effects of the major Fed’s macroeconomic policies on the major sectors of the U. S. economy. Given the instability of the current financial and housing markets, this analysis is expected to become the source of useful policy recommendations in short and long run. Monetary policies have long been the issue of the Fed’s major concern. Through the prism of numerous monetary factors, the Fed used to evaluate the causes and consequences of particular monetary decisions and their effects on economic behaviors. The truth is, however, that in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the macroeconomic policies in the U. S. , a detailed review of the structural factors that stand behind the current economic crisis is required. The combination of the housing and credit crunch drivers needs to be reconsidered, to realize the real-life implications of all monetary initiatives the Fed has been able to implement over the course of the last three years. To start with, the current economic crisis originates from the strategic change in equilibrium within housing markets, as well as the decline in house prices â€Å"as the market gives back the excessive part of the rise in real house prices – the part not justified by realized rentals† (Wu, 2008). These structural shifts have obviously impacted the situation with employment, banking, and construction. Another set of structural factors is readily visible in the financial sector, where subprime mortgages and the following illiquidity and reduced supply of loans have led the banks to the need for increasing their assets and making their share prices vulnerable to even the slightest changes in business sector (Kutter Mosser, 2007). The slowdown of productivity, the decreasing value of business and economic expectations, and oil prices have also contributed in the expansion of the current financial crisis, which is more the result of structural shifts in global and national economy, rather than the direct consequence of ineffective monetary approaches. In this context, the natural question is what the Fed has done to decrease the negative impact of financial crisis on the major sectors of business and economy, and whether Fed’s macroeconomic policies in their traditional form remain relevant in the changing financial and economic conditions. Since the end of 2006 and up to the beginning of 2009, the gradual increase of the Fed’s reserve balances has been the distinctive feature of the Fed’s response to the expanding economic crisis. The increase in reserve balances have become particularly visible and sharp by the end of 2008, when the Fed faced a serious need to provide banks and business entities with additional liquidity instruments and loans (Lacker, 2009). In a very short-time period, the Fed has increased the reserve balances supply by over 100-fold, with the latter reaching the amount of $848 billion (Boivin Giannoni, 2008). Purchasing securities and providing financial institutions with guaranteed loans was one of the reasons for such sharp reserve balances increase, but beyond that, the Fed sought to finance its loan activities by creating additional money. It should be noted here, that with the need to obtain additional financial instruments, the Fed can follow the three different pathways: creating money, borrowing funds from the U. S. treasury, and issuing debt (Gilpin, 2008). Selling government securities is just another option the Fed can utilize to obtain additional funds. Importantly, with the emergence of the economic threats and during the first months of crisis the Fed chose to follow the fourth path, adjusting its portfolio to its economic and financial needs by selling off government securities, but with the amount of government securities being insufficient to maintain financial and monetary stability in the U. S. , the Fed has come to realize the need for creating new money. In the light of the essential structural shifts, and given the long-term impacts which the process of creating new money produces on all areas of economic activity, these macroeconomic policy decisions have already turned into the source of increasing professional concerns, and there are several reasons for that. First, the effectiveness of federal reserves increase seems doubtful due to the inflationary trends with which it is usually associated. Under the impact of falling commodity prices, when inflation risks seem at least improbable, the Fed nevertheless should not lose the sense of caution. The fact is that when the need withdraw the funds and to reduce the amount of federal reserves arises, the Fed is likely to face another inflationary challenge, and whether it is able to avoid long-term increase in prices will depend on the moment the Fed chooses for reducing the amount of funds (Boivin Giannoni, 2008). Second, Gilpin (2008) suggests that as long as the Fed is increasingly involved into selective financing as a part of its macroeconomic initiatives, the Fed’s independence from other governmental institutions becomes irrelevant and at least doubtful. Rudebusch (2008) writes that â€Å"the recent request by the Treasury for the Fed to assist in creating a Consumer and Business Loan Initiative is certainly reminiscent of the request by Treasury for the Fed to help out in its own borrowing operations before the Accord of 1950†. Thus, whether the Fed acts in accordance with macroeconomic principles or follows the recommendations and requirements of Congress will also determine its consistence as the central financial body and as the source of the major macroeconomic initiatives. Finally, as Congress is trying to tie the Fed to its authoritative decisions, and the Fed does not look beyond the need for creating additional money and applying selective funding principles, the only effect the Fed has been able to produce is proving its inability to act as an independent financial body. The problem is that against the continuous success of its expansionary initiatives and the absence of deep recessions, the Fed found itself in the midst of predictable policies and workable macroeconomic guidelines. Since the end of 2006, however, those guidelines and policies have gradually lost their effectiveness (Rudebusch, 2008). Scholars and professionals in economics recognize the declining effectiveness of the major Fed’s initiatives: the Fed is no longer able to produce immediate positive effects on the interest rates; the benefits of the major macroeconomic initiatives have been muted by the mortgage securities market issues; investors are disappointed with the recent Fed’s decisions – all these factors significantly contribute into the expansion of the current financial crisis, making the financial image of the Fed even more negative. Until present, the ineffective macroeconomic activity of the Fed has only led to re-appreciation and reconsideration of the benefits of fiscal stimuli and responses to the changing economic conditions. Against the inconsistency of the Fed’s decisions, the scope of the Fed’s operations was limited to adjusting federal funds rate and issuing additional financial instruments. Federal Reserve lending in the broader macroeconomic contexts has also become the topic of increasing professional interest. In response to recent slowdown, the Fed has developed a whole set of lending initiatives, which either targeted specific groups of assets, or specific business entities or institutions, or implied the need for standard discount window lending (Lacker, 2009). From the viewpoint of macroeconomics and the long-term impact which these interventions tend to produce, before the middle of 2008 the Fed had been working to provide lending in ways that would not increase the monetary base but would instead redirect additional bank reserves to cover its lending commitments. Since the end of October 2008, however, the Fed has no longer been able to maintain its monetary base unchanged, and had to combine its lending ideas with additional monetary stimuli (Lacker, 2009). These lending programs have been effective to the extent that changed the balance of credit in specific markets, and â€Å"while some market segments benefit from reduced funding costs, others may actually see their costs rise as credit is diverted to those markets that have been targeted by support† (Lacker, 2009). In relation to lending, it is essential to note that over the last three years the Federal Reserve intentionally chose to conduct its monetary interventions with the help of the federal funds rate, which provides the Fed with an increasingly active position regarding macroeconomic policies in the U. S. By changing the discount rate, the Fed gives financial institutions a chance and the right to borrow directly from the Fed, and the Fed’s board can either approve or deny the loan (Gilpin, 2008). The situation is similar with other lending initiatives, but when it comes to supporting specific business entities or markets, the Fed risks losing its independence and faces a decision-making challenge of cooperation with Congress. More than that, with lending being one of the major macroeconomic operations initiated by the Fed in the last 3 years, professionals have come to realize the inconsistence and the distorted vision of the Fed with regard to discount rate as the central policy instrument. In other words, where financial institutions seek to replenish the lack of liquidity, they prefer borrowing overnight, thus leaving the Fed no time to review the real financial needs of financial institutions (Krugman, 2007). As a result, it was not before the middle of 2007 that the Fed has become concerned about the decreasing liquidity of its assets and the need to reduce the discount rate for primary credit. Since that time, the Fed continuously supported its â€Å"federal funds rate reduce† line, which suggests that reducing discount and federal funds rates was one of the least ineffective macroeconomic approaches and did not extend beyond producing short-term positive impacts on financial and commodity markets (Yuan Zimmerma, 2008). The structural forces that currently govern the economic and financial balance in the U. S. and the world inevitably impact the so-called natural interest rates, of which the Fed seems unaware. That means that while the current rate of return on equities is above 5. 5%, it is also much higher than the policy rates which the Fed adjusts to make them fit to the current rates of inflation (Gilpin, 2008). Furthermore, given that the origins of the current economic crisis lay within the limits of the housing markets, it is very probable that â€Å"what will be driving real rates of interest once the economy settles into its new growth path is the rate that households require on loans† (Krugman, 2007). Thus, in its credit initiatives, the Fed has obviously neglected a whole set of important factors, which make its macroeconomic policies at least irrelevant. While the Fed seeks to expand the liquidity of available funds by maintaining interest rates at the levels close to zero, it distorts the macroeconomic balance. The fact is that against the reduced wealth levels and the growing negative expectations, the expected rates of interest in future will be much higher than the Fed currently promotes (Krugman, 2007). With the growing need for funds on the side of financial and business entities, the Fed is likely to face the crisis of expectations, where it is either unable to maintain sustainable interest rates or fails to provide businesses with sufficient amount of financial assets. Thus, whether the Fed is able to promote the success of its major macroeconomic initiatives depends on its ability to timely review its macroeconomic attempts and to adjust them to real-life market contexts. In the light of the increasing inefficiency of the major Fed’s interventions, special attention needs to be paid to the so-called moral hazard problem. â€Å"Safety net support for financial institutions encourages private market participants to view some institutions as ‘too big to fail’ and weakens those institutions’ incentive to monitor and manage the risks they face in their business strategies and financial market transactions† (Gilpin, 2008); as a result, this inattentiveness to the major market risks weakens financial and business institutions and increases the cost of this financial protection. In other words, while the Fed pursues the need to reduce the cost of credit for ultimate borrowers by providing financial and credit institutions with additional financial assets, it unintentionally leads these institutions undertake higher additional risks than they otherwise would be willing to recognize (Lacker, 2009). As a result, the cost of borrowing substantially increases, leaving these institutions in the need to absorb the effects of moral hazard without external support. Does that mean that the Fed has initially chosen a wrong macroeconomic path? This question lacks a single and obvious answer, and while many financial institutions and business entities will require expanding the range of available liquid resources by using federal funds, a stronger regulatory basis and strict system of monitoring could significantly increase the efficiency of all macroeconomic policies aimed at reducing the negative impact of the current financial crisis. Conclusion The Federal Reserve has appeared completely unprepared to facing the challenges of the expanding economic crisis. Despite the relevance of the new liquidity mechanisms and the Fed’s striving to expand the range of available financial instruments, these measures will hardly be effective in the long run. Moreover, given the undue risks financial institutions and business entities undertake and the limitedness of the Fed’s financial resources, its current macroeconomic initiatives are likely to become counter effective in the U. S. striving to preserve its leading position among the major economic powers. In this context, strict regulation and a well-developed system of federal monitoring will increase the effectiveness of all Fed’s initiatives at the macroeconomic level. References Boivin, J. Giannoni, M. P. (2008). Has monetary policy become more effective? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90 (3): 445-462. Gilpin, R. (2008). Global political economy: Understanding the international economic order. Orient Longman. Lacker, J. (2009). Government lending and monetary policy. The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved April 1, 2009 from http://www. richmondfed. org/press_room/speeches/president_jeff_lacker/2009/lacker_speech_20090302. cfm Krugman, P. (2007). Thinking of the liquidity trap. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 14 (4): 331-337. Kuttner, K. N. Mosser, P. (2007). The monetary policy transmission mechanism: Some answers and further questions. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 8 (1): 15-26. Rudebusch, G. Wu, T. (2008). A macro-finance model of the monetary policy and the economy. Economic Journal, 118 (530): 906-926. Wu, T. (2008). On the effectiveness of the Federal Reserve’s new liquidity facilities. Elsevier, 52 (4): 745-777. Yuan, M. Zimmerman, C. (2008). Credit crunch, bank lending, and monetary policy: A model of financial intermediation with heterogeneous projects. Springer, 29 (1): 244-265. How to cite American Economy, Papers

Macro economics free essay sample

The price of natural gas, a resource used by manufacturers throughout the United States, doubles. Price increases because, the companies that sell the spiral notebooks need to mark up their price in order to keep afloat with the rising cost of natural gas. Demand is not affected. The determinant for demand on the TRIBE chart in this scenario would be related goods and services, since the price for a good that is used to produce spiral notebooks is increasing, thus leading to an increase in the price of spiral notebooks. Supply would decrease and shift to the left and quantity would decrease. Equilibrium price would increase and equilibrium quantity would decrease. b) The government provides a subsidy for notebook manufacturers. In this instance the price of spiral notebooks would decrease since the government would be assisting the industry that makes spiral notebooks; financially to ensure the price of spiral notebooks remains low. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro economics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, price would decrease since the business responsible for spiral notebook production and sale, would not feel the need to raise the price since they are receiving government funds. Quantity would increase since the more consumers would be attracted to the low prices, and the manufacturers would produce more goods, since they would be receiving economic assistance and would not have to worry so much about losing money from producing too many notebooks. Demand would be unaffected, since only quantity demanded would be changing and not the whole demand curve. Supply would increase or shift to the right. Equilibrium price would decrease and equilibrium quantity would increase. Last of all, the determinant for demand in this scenario would be Taxes, Subsidies, and government regulation in the ROTTEN chart. c) Your income increases and spiral bound notebooks are an inferior good. The price of spiral notebooks decreases, and Quantity would decrease since fewer consumers that have experienced income increases are buying spiral notebooks, and manufacturers are producing less spiral notebooks since the popularity of them has decreased. There would be a decrease in demand since spiral bound notebooks are not normal goods and would not adhere to the  increase in your income, and demand would shift left. Supply would not be affected or would be indeterminate. Equilibrium price and quantity would decrease. The determinant for demand would be income in the TRIBE chart, since consumer income is directly affecting the decrease in demand. d) The price of binders and paper, a substitute for spiral bound notebooks, decreases. Price decreases, along with quantity, and demand for spiral bound notebooks decreases or shifts to the left. While supply is unaffected or indeterminate. Equilibrium price and quantity would decrease. The determinant for demand would be number of firms in the industry in the ROTTEN chart since the 2 other businesses that produce binders and paper act as substitutes for the business that makes spiral notebooks. e) A new binding machine is invented that binds in half the time would result in a decrease in price and an increase in quantity. Supply would increase and shift to the right, while demand would be unaffected and indeterminate. equilibrium price would decrease while equilibrium quantity will increase. The determinant of the demand would be technology (productivity) on the ROTTEN chart. The price of all goods using paper is expected to double next month. Price would increase, along with the quantity. Demand would increase for spiral notebooks or shift to the right, while supply would be unaffected or indeterminate. Equilibrium price and quantity would increase. The determinant for demand would be expectations off the tribe chart. g) The government raises taxes on businesses at the same time that students receive their supply list for the new school year. Supply would overall decrease and shift left. Demand would increase or shift right, in other words there would be a double shift. Price would be indeterminate, and quantity would increase. Equilibrium price would stay the same since price is indeterminate, while equilibrium quantity would increase. The determinant for demand would be taxes subsidies and government regulation from the ROTTEN chart. h) The price of pens and pencils falls dramatically. Price would increase along with quantity and demand would increase or shift to the right. Supply would be unaffected. The equilibrium price and quantity would increase. The determinant for demand will be other goods price from the ROTTEN chart.